Harmfulness and potential health benefits of the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria): a literature review

Abstract

The fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is widely considered a poisonous species with psychedelic effects. Patients report to hospital after consuming it with symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, agitation and ataxia. Less frequently, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension, hypothermia or hyperthermia and metabolic acidosis may occur, and fatal poisonings also occur. Despite the high public awareness of the toxicity of the fly agaric, a certain trend has been observed in recent decades towards its amateur consumption, mainly for medicinal purposes. In relation to the latest research, it is indicated that A. muscaria may be potentially useful in the fight against conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and even addictions. The fly agaric contains compounds that individually exhibit a number of different biological activities, but the existing studies do not yet allow for a comprehensive understanding of their properties and effects on the human body. Unlike in the case of other psychoactive mushrooms, the consumption and trade of the fly agaric is often not regulated by law, and it is easily available for purchase online. Detailed research on the toxicity of the fly agaric is urgently needed to increase public awareness of the risks associated with its use.