2024, Volume 17, Issue 2

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13044/1835

Przeglądaj

Przeglądanie 2024, Volume 17, Issue 2 według Tytuł

  • Rekord
    Conditions of women holding management positions in Poland / Uwarunkowania pozycji zawodowej kobiet zajmujących stanowiska kierownicze w Polsce
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Babuchowska, Karolina ; Marks-Bielska, Renata ; Ostrowska, Sylwia
    Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the research was to identify and assess the professional problems of women who hold managerial positions. In addition, factors influencing the female style of management were identified and the level of discrimination against women as well as the level of gender equality in Poland and in the European Union was assessed, using the gender equality index. Material and methods: Secondary data from the European Institute for Gender Equality were used. The opinion of women was found out on the basis of the survey research. Results: Based on the data collected from the European Institute for Gender Equality, it was found that Poland is close to achieving gender equality in management – 43% of all management positions in Poland were held by women. However, the respondents had a different opinion on this subject. Less than 17% of the respondents stated that men and women are treated the same. Conclusions: Such a result may be influenced by the existing phenomenon of discrimination, differences in remuneration despite performing the same functions, burdening women with raising children and the existing stereotypes that men perform better in managerial positions, women are less courageous, and men are more available. Therefore, steps should be taken to provide real support for women in the development of their careers, promote gender equality and counteract discrimination.
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    Economic and social exclusion in the European Community in the years 2011-2022 / Wykluczenie ekonomiczno-społeczne we Wspólnocie Europejskiej w latach 2011-2022
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Kasprzyk, Beata
    Subject and purpose of work: The subject-matter and aim of this paper is to present the extent of poverty and economic and social exclusion in the countries of the European Union (EU-27). The specific aim is the comparative assessment and reduction of these processes between 2011 and 2022. Material and methods: The paper is based on an analysis of official EUROSTAT statistics. The TOPSIS taxonomic method was used for comparative evaluation, making it possible to measure and assess synthetically the variation of poverty across countries in dynamic terms for the selected years 2011, 2016 and 2022. Results: On the basis of the collected empirical material, a multivariate synthetic assessment of the level of economic and social exclusion in all EU-27 member states was made. The extent of the variation and changes in this process were compared in dynamic terms using the taxonomic approach. Conclusions: The analysis of the results confirmed the existence of considerable variation in the occurrence of the “components” of economic and social exclusion. The results of the multivariate analysis helped made it possible to prepare a ranking and typology of similarities between countries. The analysis confirms the partial achievement of the poverty-reducing goals of the EU strategies, although not to the same extent and in the same pace, by EU countries.
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    European values: a comparative culture analysis / Europejskie wartości: porównawcza analiza kulturowa
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Krasnova, Diana ; Grinavica, Maria
    Subject and purpose of work: This study investigates the contradictions within European values and the challenges to social inclusivity, advocating for a broader perspective that recognises diverse historical and cultural contexts. It critiques Eurocentrism and explores alternative views such as Islam, Afrocentrism, and Ubuntu, proposing a more inclusive framework for global human rights and values, as well as research on social-economic development. Material and methods: The paper uses legal, historical and political methods to analyse the European Union’s foundational in the context of rising intolerance and debates on immigration and LGBT rights, drawing on theoretical insights to highlight the significance of non-Western perspectives. Main sources are historic records and monographs by other authors. Results: The authors identify the complexities within European values, emphasising the need for a more inclusive understanding that transcends Eurocentric narratives in the dimensions of social and economic development. Conclusions: Advocating for an expanded dialogue on human rights, this study suggests incorporating diverse cultural philosophies to enhance Europe’s approach to inclusivity and unity.
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    Loan repayment behavior of beneficiary farmers in primary agricultural cooperative societies in Haryana (India) / Zachowania rolników-beneficjentów w podstawowych spółdzielniach rolniczych w stanie Hariana (Indie) w zakresie spłaty pożyczek
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Singh, Suninder ; Singh, Abhey ; Rani, Sumista ; Rani, Mamta
    Subject and purpose of work: The study examined the loan repayment behavior of beneficiary farmers in Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies in the State of Haryana, India. Material and methods: The findings were based on primary as well as secondary data. The secondary data was collected for the period of 2006-2007 to 2018-2019. The primary data was collected in the second quarter of 2022. Results: The study concluded that year-wise the maximum percentage of defaulter farmers was 34.97% in 2008- 2009 due to the debt relief scheme announced by the Government of India in 2008. Furthermore, it revealed that about 75% of beneficiary farmers repaid their loans regularly after receiving the benefit of interest subvention at 7% by the government of India and the state government. The findings on primary data concluded that most farmers have been repaying their loans regularly, and less than 10% of beneficiary farmers defaulted. The main reason for the default was a loan without security and the anticipation of a loan waive-off scheme. About 19% of beneficiary farmers have been repaying their loans irregularly due to the short time within which loan repayments needed to be made.
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    Marginal propensity to importand terms of trade: panel granger causality evidence from the East African Community (EAC) / Krańcowa skłonność do importu i warunki wymiany handlowej: panelowe dowody przyczynowości Grangera ze Wspólnoty Wschodnioafrykańskiej (EAC)
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Nzeh, Innocent Chile ; Okoli, Uju Victoria ; Okolie, David Ogomegbunam ; Okolie, Jonathan Ibekwe
    Subject and purpose of work: The nexus between the terms of trade and marginal propensity to import and the consequent policy options arising from it among economic blocs is an area that has not been given due attention in the literature. The focus of the current paper is to examine the link between the marginal propensity to import and the terms of trade in the East African Community (EAC). Material and methods: The authors discuss and test a panel Granger causality model which is complemented with the test of impulse response function and variance decomposition using data from five EAC countries (Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya and Burundi). Results: The long-run result of the study indicated that causality runs from all the variables to the terms of trade. In the short-run, results reveal that both the marginal propensity to import and the export of manufactures Grangercaused terms of trade without a feedback. The results of the impulse response function revealed that the terms of trade responded positively to shocks in the marginal propensity to import only in the first period, but afterwards the response turned negative in all the other periods. The terms of trade were equally found to respond positively to shocks in inflation rate in all the periods. The variance decomposition results indicated that apart from shocks to itself which was 100% in the first period, marginal propensity to import contributed about 0.0458% of shocks to the terms of trade, and this rose continuously in all the periods. Conclusions: The analysis shows that both in the long-run and the short-run, marginal propensity to import determines the terms of trade among the EAC countries.
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    Reserves, prices, and policy: an empirical analysis of strategic crop reserves in Arab nations / Rezerwy, ceny i polityka: empiryczna analiza strategicznych rezerw upraw w krajach arabskich
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Fatih, Chellai
    Subject and purpose of work: In recent years, global food systems have faced challenges like disasters, extreme weather events, and market fluctuations, such as the Ukraine-Russia conflict. This study analyses strategic crop reserves, specifically for wheat and rice, in Arab countries. It examines the objectives and obstacles associated with these reserves. Material and methods: different statistical methods have been used, including regression analysis and neural network prediction models. Results: Findings reveal significant agricultural production deficits in Arab economies. However, some countries maintain substantial crop reserves. We found an inverse relationship between wheat reserves and wheat prices. Additionally, energy prices correlate positively with agricultural commodity prices. Forecasting models anticipate short-term global grain stock stability but predict short-term increases in agricultural price indices (until 2024) followed by long-term decreases (by 2030). Conclusions: Policymakers should support agricultural strategies, particularly for strategic crops. To address current challenges, we suggest securing long-term contracts for strategic crops, diversifying suppliers, and avoiding reliance on a few sources.
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    The development of Southeast Asia’s digital economy: current status, development motivation and challenges / Rozwój gospodarki cyfrowej w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej: aktualny stan, motywacja do rozwoju i wyzwania
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Yu, Miao
    Subject and purpose of work: This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the digital economy in Southeast Asia (SEA). It evaluates SEA’s digital economy industry from various perspectives, analysing the reasons for its rapid development as a non-core innovation area of the digital economy. Material and methods: A comprehensive literature review and descriptive methodology were used to produce this paper. The methods used included defining the evaluation criteria of the digital economy and summarising and sorting out the development of SEA’s digital economy. Results: With respect to theory, this paper analyses the current status of SEA’s digital economy, which helps deepen our understanding of the new trends in SEA’s economic development. As regards practicalities, it provides suggestions for how SEA countries can further improve the development model of the digital economy. Conclusions: The paper assesses SEA’s digital economy and identifies the driving factors that enable the region to rapidly develop digital economy industries. The first set of factors are national-level policies, a unified market, population structure, and mobile penetration rate. The second set of factors are regional, as SEA can benefit from digital economic spillover from countries such as China and the United States. The third set of factors is global. The transfer of the global industrial chain has also facilitated the development of the digital economy in the region. This paper hypothesises that national-level factors are decisive, enabling a non-core innovation area such as SEA to develop rapidly, while regional-level and global-level factors are auxiliary.
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    The economic consequences of armed conflicts in selected Eurasian countries at the turn of the 21st century / Ekonomiczne skutki konfliktów zbrojnych w wybranych państwach Eurazji na przełomie XX w. i XXI w.
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Leśniewski, Leszek
    Subject and purpose of work: The subject-matter of this paper is the economic situation in selected Eurasian countries affected by armed conflict at the turn of the 21st century. The aim of the paper is to assess the strength and impact of such conflict on the economic development of the affected countries from its outbreak until 2022. Material and methods: The paper is based on an analysis of selected macroeconomic indicators using the Solow– Swan model by means of the Cobb-Douglas production function. Results: Armed conflict had a significant impact on the economic situation in Ukraine and Bosnia and Herzegovina, affected Croatian economy to the most insignificant extent and had a moderate impact on socio-economic development in other states. Conclusions: An armed conflict manifests itself in economic collapse, capital outflow and changes in the economic structure. What should be important for states emerging from an armed conflict is the development of technology and schooling on the one hand and the stabilisation of the implementation of economic policies aimed at avoiding a similar situation in the future on the other hand.
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    The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional economic integration in the Maghreb region – an Algerian perspective / Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na regionalną integrację gospodarczą w regionie Maghrebu – perspektywa Algierii
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Ferdj, Younes
    Subject and purpose of work: This article focuses on the most evident effects of COVID-19 influenced by the elements of the regional economic landscape, emphasizing the importance of shock and crisis management plans. Algeria could benefit from revitalizing the construction of the North African bloc and enhancing cooperation in the Maghreb. The main objective of this work is to identify the most urgent challenges related to the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on the regional economic landscape, and the economic integration of Algeria highlights the importance of shock and crisis management plans. Material and methods: This study is based on a descriptive statistical analysis of the key economic indicators in the Maghreb region, with a special emphasis on Algeria. Results: The results obtained have allowed us to outline the strategies adopted by Maghreb countries as part of economic reforms aimed at strengthening regional integration. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant challenges for elements of the regional economic landscape in the Maghreb. The countries of the Maghreb should reduce barriers to trade and investment and link their infrastructure networks. They should focus their efforts on liberalizing trade in goods and services, as well as financial and labour markets.
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    The relationship between foreign direct investment and trade openness: evidence from six developed economies / Związek między bezpośrednimi inwestycjami zagranicznymi a otwartością handlową: dane z sześciu gospodarek rozwiniętych
    (Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2024-06-28) Yeboah, Evans
    Subject and purpose of work: In recent years, the competition for economic dominance globally has led developed economies increasingly to focus on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports to other developing nations. However, there has been a notable research gap, with most studies concentrating on assessing the significance of FDI and trade openness in developing countries, while less attention has been paid to developed countries. This study explores the relationship between FDI and trade openness with economic growth in six developed economies. Material and methods: Utilising annual data spanning from 1990 to 2022 from the World Bank, the study employs the panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method for analysis. Results: The estimated results indicate a negative long-run relationship and a positive short-run effect of FDI in the selected economies. Furthermore, the findings reveal a positive long-run association and a negative short-run impact of trade openness. The causality test indicated a bidirectional relationship between trade openness and economic growth. Conclusions: The study suggests that various governments should enhance their investment environments to leverage the benefits of FDI inflows.