2023, Volume 16, Issue 3
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RekordEthics and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic / Etyka i ekonomia w czasie pandemii COVID-19(Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2023-09-28)Since the beginning of formation of societies (families, tribes), people have looked for ways of arranging mutual relationships so as to improve safety, comfort and development and to be able to differentiate between what is good and what is evil, on the level of everyday life. In their struggles with nature, they sought support in faith. Priests became the intellectual elite, and guidelines how to act became the content of religion. On the higher level of integration, the role of rulers became prominent, and guidelines were sought in the law established by them, with specific contribution from more important subjects (hierarchs). In the background of this process, wise men (philosophers) and theologians made efforts to create and arrange a system of cultivated values in important fields and circumstances of life. The paper deals with the question of ethics in the healthcare sector and during the pandemic.
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RekordThe middle-income trap – a problem of definition and empirical research / Pułapka średniego dochodu – problem definicji i badań empirycznych(Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2023-09-28)Subject and purpose of work: Theoretical and empirical analysis of the middle-income trap. To test the validity to be able to fix a middle-income band to classify a country in the middle-income trap. Materials and methods: Theoretical and empirical studies on the middle-income trap have been used as material and the descriptive and explorative method of research has been used. Results: To fix a middle-income band was deemed to be unjustified because the middleincome band was found to change every year. The period of the middle-income trap was deemed justified and it was found that a potential based definition can be formed to create a distinction between trapped and non-trapped countries. Conclusions: To define t he m iddle-income t rap does not r equire a m iddle-income b and to be fixed for a period as long as 42 years, but what is require is the period itself and the continuity of increasing the potential of a country to cross the middle-income trap.
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RekordFinancial Literacy in India: A Review of Literature / Kompetencje finansowe w Indiach: przegląd literatury przedmiotu(Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2023-09-28)The paper aims to understand various concepts and dimensions of financial literacy by using literature-based analysis. The reviews included various parameters, such as the financial literacy of young people, employees, women and college students, and the impact of financial literacy on well-being and investment decisions. Secondary information was gathered from many publications, websites, research papers, and articles. In the context of India, there is still much work to be done in the domain of financial literacy. Numerous studies have revealed low levels of financial literacy among India’s different demographic segments and some studies have revealed moderate levels. Financial literacy is a difficult topic to describe and quantify. The definition and measurement of this idea are the focus of numerous investigations. Policy changes must be made to improve financial literacy at both the fundamental and advanced levels so that people can save and invest money more sensibly in the various market opportunities.
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RekordIndustry 4.0: New challenges for the labor market and working conditions as a result of emergence of robots and automation / Przemysł 4.0: nowe wyzwania dla rynku pracy i warunków pracy na skutek pojawienia się robotów i automatyzacji(Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2023-09-28)Subject and purpose of work: The paper is discussing the challenges presented by Industry 4.0, specifically in relation to the potential loss of jobs due to automation. The article explores how middle-skilled jobs are more likely to be affected adversely by automation and how the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as automation, AI, and IoT is expected to bring about extensive automation and irreversible changes to employment opportunities. Materials and methods: As this paper is a review of previous research articles, the authors have collected several journal articles. Results: The authors highlight how Industry 4.0 is expected to change working conditions and the nature of work and raises concerns about job insecurity and the erosion of traditional employment relations. Conclusions: The paper suggests that to tackle these challenges, policymakers and employers must be aware of the potential impacts of automation and Industry 4.0 on different types of occupations and take steps to mitigate any negative effects, and invest in retraining programs, implement policies that support the fair distribution of the benefits of automation and promoting the skills needed for the future of work.
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RekordConstraints in credit accessibility from primary agricultural cooperative societies in Haryana state, India / Ograniczenia w dostępności kredytów w ramach spółdzielni rolniczych działających w stanie Haryana w Indiach(Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, 2023-09-28)Subject and purpose of work: The objective of the study was to identify the constraints in credit accessibility from Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Haryana State, India. Materials and methods: The primary data were used for achieving the objective of the study. The primary data were collected in the second quarter of 2022 by employing the schedule. The multistage purposive cum proportionate random sampling techniques were adopted to select a sample of 540 respondents. The percentage was used for data analysis. Results: The constraints in accessing credit are identified faced by beneficiary farmers and nonbeneficiary farmers. The major constraints faced by the beneficiary farmers in accessing credit from PACS are inadequate credit limit (87.40%), short time to repayment of loan (66.29%), high penalty rate (55.92%), and unavailability of medium-term loans (50.00%). While inadequate credit limit (80.00%), no new accounts opened (72.22%) and fear of being a defaulter (47.78%) were the major constraints faced by the non-beneficiary farmers in accessing credit from PACS. Conclusions: The various constraints were identified in accessing credit from PACS. Credit limits should be extended on the basis of the scale of the finance. Medium-term loans need to be increased.